TRANSLATION PROCEDURE

1.  Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes  transliteration and is the  same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription".
Example: 
Campus = Kampus   
Music = Musik

2. Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82) adopt one word.
Example: 
Paragraph = Paragraf
Information = Informasi

3. Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83).
Example:
Baseball = Kasti    
Fox = Kancil

4. Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83).
Example:
Dipper = Gayung 
Ladle = Centong

5. Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83).
Example:  
Birthday = Hari ulang tahun 
Halloween = Malam 31 Oktober

6. Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114).
Example: 
Rice = Beras, nasi
Brother = Saaudara, laki-laki

7.  Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84).
Example: 
Wide = Luas

Fast = Gesit

8. Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84).
Example: 
Tea spoon = Sendok teh

Post Office = Kantor Pos 

9. Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86).
Example:  
Ears = Telinga

No control= Tidak bisa mengendalikan

10. Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88).

Example: 

 I broke my leg = Kaki ku patah

You are going to have a child = Anda akan menjadi seorang bapak.

11. Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89).
Example:
UK = Inggris
USA = Amerika Serikat

12. Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90).
Example:
A pair of shoes = Sepatu
Never did she visit her aunt = Wanita itu benar-benar tega tidak menemui bibinya  

13. Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91).
Example:  
Jet lag = kondisi fisiologi yang terganggu (sakit kepala, kelelahan) akibat perjalanan melintasi zona waktu yang berbeda.
Partenogenesis = sebutan untuk spesies yang dapat berkembang biak tanpa sperma pejantan. contoh: kutu air, komodo, dan kalkun

14. Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91).
Example: 
Radio = Radio (transference and naturalization)
Model = Model (transference and naturalization)

15. Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91).
Example:
Pingxi Lantern Festival1
Songkran2
1: Festival pelepasan lampion di Taiwan dimana didalamnya terdapat harapan yang kita tulis.
2: Festival perayaan tahun baru di Thailand yang diadakan ketika musim panas dengan menyemprotkan air kepada orang-orang yang mereka temui di jalan.